Cannon- 17th century

17th Century Cannon

This cannon, which was made in the 17th century, is cast in bronze. It also is made of wood and paint.But going back to it being made of bronze. It was made like this so that stone, iron, or lead cannonballs fit closely without being pushed together. The cannon was either vertically or horizontally rotated about its long axis while the boring tool was put into one end by gearing. Each and every cannon needed 2 gunners, 6 soldiers, and 4 officers of the artillery. The reason they need these people will be explained in the next few sentences. The right gunner loaded the cannon with powder, while the left gunner went to fetch more powder to keep on hand to be prepared for when the officer gave the order for the next fire. 3 soldiers stood on each side of the cannon, to ram and sponge the cannon, and hold the ladle. The second soldier on the left was required to provide 50 rounds. The way to operate this cannon may seem complicated but back then the people were taught and trained on how to work the procedures. 1. Beore loading the cannon, it was sponged to remove all sparks, filth and dirt. 2. The powder is then added, the a wad opf paper, then hay. 3. The cannonball is inserted. 4. After ramming the cannon was aimed at 45 degrees, with the officers permission though. Thats all the directions needed to fire a cannon. The materials needed are botefeux, a priming iron, a mire, a sponge, a wad screw, a lantern, a ladle, a primier, a rammer, and a quoin of mire. As far as i know this cannon does not have a name.

18th Century Cannon

18th Century Cannon

18th Century Cannon- Carronade

This cannon is named the Carronade. It was invented by General Robert Melville, bbut bult by the Carron Iron Company in Scotland. It was first used by the Royal Navy. This particular cannon was used on quarterdecks and fortcastles. It was designed as a short range naval weapon that has a low muzzle velocity. It has a nickname of the Smasher, because its lower muzzle velocitys round shot was intended to create many more of the deadly wodden splinters when hitting an enemy vessel. The short barrel and short range increaed teh risk of starting a fire. This type of cannon was usually mounted on a lug underneath a barrel. It also had a very unusual high center of gravity.There were irregularities with the size of the cannonballs which caused a large gap between the barrel and the balll meaning there was a loss of projectile power. With a 42 pounder Carronade you would only need four to five men, but depending on weight the number of men varies. This cannon is fired the same way as many others. I will not go through all the steps for they are the same as the 17th century cannon except theire is opnly one guy on each side and there is one officer of the artillery. Although it had many errors this cannon was initially very successful.

19th Century Cannon

The yellow on this cannon means that it is used for training only. Also the barrel of the gun has no thickening, unlike French guns from this era. This cannon was the smallest calibre of field guns used by Russia in the 1870's. Both versions of this cannon are horse drawn therefore helping with the issue of weight. In world war I these guns were not used though because the Russians had better artillery. Meanig if it was not used then then it was not used later on in wordl war II. This type of cannon was npot seen anymore after its use in the Finnish Civil War of 1918. Did not require more than 5 men although it could not have less than 3. To shoot this cannon all you do is load the cannonball and gunpowder in the gun barrel and fire. No further instructions were required. The elevation was 20 degrees, this meaning that it was the type of cannon that was shot for long distances because the closer to the ground the further it rolls. These cannons DO use gunpowder. I do not know the name or creator of this cannon.

Monday, March 30, 2009

Overture of 1812

The Overture of 1812 shows us the intensity in war/battle/etc. The beat of this musical piece grows upon itself to a point where we are made to believe it cannot grow anymore but then the cannons shoot!!! and BAM!!! were brought right back to our thoughts of the piece not being able to get louder ad intenser than it already is. The beginning of the overture of 1812 sort of conveys how they are on their way to battle which is why the music get tenser and louder, they are getting closer, then the cannons shoot and we realize they are finally at war. The music slows to a very slow pace as we can tell men and women are dying in battle. But they are being honored by the people around them because they are still fighting. How do i know this? Because the music starts back up again louder and tenser then EVER imaginable. The left over people who are still fighting are fighting for those who died, their trying to get revenge on those who killed their colleagues in war. Then again the cannons fire, and the piece ends as everyone dies.

Saturday, March 28, 2009

Reflection for the poem

Courage and honor: To be able to have someone honor you, you must first have the courage to do something worth being honored for. Like a firefighter, they are honored for risking their lives in the line of duty.

Leaders and followers: The leader instructs the follower. Leaders are there to give orders and followers are there to follow them. Such as troops and their generals. They follow the orders given to them.

Justice and vengeance: Justice is something owed to someone while vengeance is a way of revenge on someone.

After reading the poem: English

In the first stanza the genreal im guessing is telling the 600 troops to march in to death valley.

In the second stanza it is saying that the troops don't ask why or what or how they follow orders and do as they are told.

In the third stanza it says that they have reacheed the cannons which are to teir left and right and in front of them.

In the fourth stanza they are in battle pulling swords and all.

In the fifth stanza it speaks of horses and troops dying and some fighting so well.

In the sixth stanza it says that we should honor the light brigade for the effort they had made.

This poem is narrative because of the fact that it has a beginning, middle, and end. In the beginning the general gives a order to march, then in the middle is the battle, and in the end their is death.

By repeating some lines it shows the bravery of the soldiers which are fighting because they speak of the cannons multiple times which shows bravery because they are fighting with cannons next to them and around them.

The use of metaphors shows the territory is not theirs by the way they describe it, with mouths of hell and stuff like that.

English: Writing before reading

Some times when people have to obey authority figures when they don't want too.... are.......
- in court
- in school
- in the military, army, navy, etc...
- when your at home, and your parents tell you to do something
- in jail
- in church

Yes, military commanders must enforce harsh discipline on the soldiers BUT only if they do something wrong. They have to do this so that the soldier learns fro his mistakes and realizes that what he did was wrong and that it shouldn't be done again.
Yes, it is important for a military outfit to work as a team, because if they don't when they get to war they will all go seperate ways and all end up getting killed. While if they work as a team they can stick together and save each other from threats.
The consequenes of troops which are not under control are troops who are destined to be killed in war. If you have no control over your troops then basically you aren't authority to them. If they don't listen to you then things could end very badly when you get to war, things like death and loss. WHich is BAD!!

Friday, March 27, 2009

Essential Question

Technology and science have made war impersonal because......... when the war first started people were scared and they feared it....... also some were trying to stop the war. But now it is as if people don't care, they sort of overlook what is going on because it has been going on so long. I know what your thinking: How does this relate to science and technology? Well, when the war first started we had no super techno bombs or anything like that, all we had were guns, and things like that. But now we have tons of bombs and grenades, and nuclear weapons!!!! Talk about safety in the U.S.A, were not safe if they use these things!! The war is impersonal these days because so many people have thought about it and had to deal with it for so long that they don't even care anymore. They don't care about the innocent people being killed for living in their country, they don't care about the weapons the U.S uses to kill these people, they don't care abut the 1000's of kids who have died for NO APPARENT REASON!!!! People have become insensitive to war now a days. The only thing people worry about are the precious troops who are being killed out there in the line of duty for our country, well what about the ones out in Iraq who are fighting for their country?? What about them?? I think that in the eyes of a soldier the perspective is totally different. They see the war up close and personal. Their lives are put on the line EVERY SINGLE DAY!!! But yet so are the lives of those who they are killing. Think about it..... if we keep killing them and the keep killing us then WHAT IS THE POINT IN WAR???!?!?!?!?!??!?!?!! Exactly there is no point. In the eyes of a soldier they want to win the war because they have been fighting in it and putting alot of effort into it. But its the same for those who live in Iraq and everywhere else that there is war. Everyone works hard to win, but in the ed there can only be one winner. BUT that's not true, if we call a truce then everyone wins, but that will never happen. In the eyes of a civilian who is sitting at home watching the news about the war in Iraq or wherever. They have nothing to do with it. They feel no fear. They have no worry. They have no pain. They can sleep in a nice warm bed at night. They can live with the war going on because its not harming them and their life in any way!! That is the part i do not understand. How can you live without thinking about the lives being lost every minute.... no every second due to war. The pain it causes their family, the hurt it puts on their friends, the way everything they could have accomplished in their life went down the drain. The poor kids that are being killed around the world in war HAVE NO RIGHT TO BE KILLED!!!! You wanna know why? Because they don't know that war is wrong. They grew up into war, they were born in the wrong place at the wrong time. They don't know that killing is wrong, they've just seen so many people be killed that they think it is okay to kill the troops. They mean no harm to ANY OF US!!! Just like we shouldn't be harm to them!! We shouldn't kill them for killing someone, that's not the way it should work. If someone gives the kid a gun and tells them to shoot someone, the kids gonna do it because they were told too. They don't want to get into trouble. So instead of killing the kid kill the person who told them to kill someone. Not saying that death is the answer because ITS NOT!!! But if it was that's how it should be. Well that is all i have to say... so ill let you go to ponder these thoughts. By the way this is just my opinion its not the facts.

Friday, February 27, 2009

Research on optimal angle

In our choosing the angle we had to determine one that would give us a good height and a good acceleration. So we chose 30 degrees, because the angle should be dependent on the size of the ball, the altitude, and air resistance. If our angle was 60 degrees or higher than the low air resistance would take advantage at a high altitude. So we left our cannon at a mere 30 degrees.

Tuesday, February 17, 2009

Firing the Cannon

Today everyone went outside and fired their cannons. Before i tell you the results i must explain quite a few things so you will understand our reasoning behind our cannon. First, i will explain our reasons for our design. We chose our design because we believed that it would best benefit our teams firing range. We thought about a few more different ways to design our cannon but in the end we decided on this. (Look around blog to find pictures and videos.) We chose an angle of 30 degrees to shoot our cannon at. The reason we chose this is because we thought that it would shoot the ball further and faster. We expected our cannon to launch the ball atleast 8 feet, but in the end it didnt launch at all. Our team was a little sad that it didnt launch but in the end no one's cannon launched. The reason none of them did was because Gay Lussac's Law states that pressure and temperature must be directly proportional, when we launched the cannon the temperature was very low, therefore making temperature and pressure unproportional. I must say that if I could do anything differently with my group I would try to not have such an attitude with people in my group. I would also try to help our group sort out our problems. Our velocity was zero (0). The formula we used was R= Vo^2(Sin2)(30)/32.2 ft/sec^2. First I multiplied each side by 32.2, next I multiplied what I could, then I divided by .87, and last I took the square root and got zero (0). Overall, this assignment/activity was absolutely fun!! We got to learn alot about cannons, and actually build one. I would say that I would do this again anytime.

Friday, February 13, 2009

Cannon Construction

Cannon Construction is not a very easy process, it takes alot of time and work to prepare an actual operating cannon. Im Jennifer Williams and I am in a group with Alex Pender, Tala Khatib, and Lea Cenname. Each group is given 2 tennis ball containers, a pair of scissors, and one piece of 18 inch tape. Our group has discussed all ideas possible and have concurred on one particular idea. This idea is to cut one of the tennis ball containers twice. This way we can prop up the other with the two pieces of the other container. The following are our steps we used to create our cannon. Steps: 1. Find and Measure angle, 2. Decide what height we want the cannon to be propped at, 3. Once found we must cut the 2nd bottle to fit the standards that were set, 4. Cut the cut bottle to hold the other bottle, 5. Measure with protractor to find the angle, 6. Once found cut again, 7. Tape the samll piece of the cut bottle to the uncut bottle, 8. Cut the other piece of the cut bottle to a specific chosen height and angle, 9. Tape that part of the bottle onto the uncut bottle, 10. Finish last minute touch-ups. These steps were long and hard. The worse thing was our team kept fighting throughout the whole proccess. Everyone would have a different opinion that no one would include in the plan. This made it hard for our team because we all had a different idea, and everytime someone would get mad we would have to stop. Plus, everyone was trying to talk at the same time, some people wouldnt let some people ive their opinions because they thought they were right and we were wrong. Eventually, we learned to talk things out and take everyones opinion into thought. Even though we ended in a fight we still got the project done. But what i say about this is that when your working with other people you HAVE to work as A GROUP!! One person cannot be the leder, everyone has to be the leaders. We all count just as much as the other person, one person is not better or smarter than the other, we are ALL EQUAL. Even though some people may have strong points, the other group members make up for their weak points. In the end everyone helps out in different ways, it may seem like someone else has done all the work but really EVERYONE has done the work TOGETHER. In ou group we did not understand the concept that everyone needed to perticipate, some people were left out but in the end were included. I hope that this experience has helped my other teammates see that we have to work together, as well as it has helped me see it. Pictures, equations, and other important things will be included at a later time.

Thursday, February 12, 2009

Chemistry Portion

The trajectory of a cannonball makes a parabola, in better words an upside down U. The parabola shows us the starting point of a cannonball and the point where it hits the ground, should be on the X-axis. Physics tells us that the best angle to do this is at a 45 degree angle. The trajectory is mostly caused by velocity and gravity buit is not highly affected by air resistance.
The types of ammunition vary from cannon to cannon. The most common types of ammunition are high explosive, armour piercing, and target practice. High explosive ammunition is the kind that is either chemically or energetically unstable. Meaning that it will exlpode at a certain heat and pressure. There are all kinds of high explosive ammunition but i am not going to go through them all. But i will say that they are all composed of more than one different chemical compound. One MAJOR type of ammunition for Cannons is iron or lead cannonballs. The reason for this being that they are easy to put in the cannons barrel because it is shaped like a ball therefre it is easily slid into place and shot out.
These cannons played a big roll in the economic and political climate of those days because there was alot of fighting and wars back then. DIfferent people and places were fighting over all sorts of things such as land territory, natural resources, and so much more. These people needed heavy artillery such as these cannons to fight against each other and win what their fighting for. Although there can only be one winner, meaning they had better and heavier artillery.